![]() ![]() Among these, we also include two pontine cholinergic nuclei. In fact, these nuclei add on DA mesencephalic cells to mediate the effects of AMPHs. Instead, the present review article focuses on catecholamine reticular neurons of the low brainstem. A great amount of investigations, commentary manuscripts and books reported a pivotal role of mesencephalic dopamine (DA)-containing neurons in producing behavioral and neurotoxic effects of AMPHs. In fact, the structural cross-affinity joined with the presence of shared molecular targets between AMPHs and catecholamine provides the basis for a quite selective recruitment of brainstem catecholamine neurons following AMPHs administration. The behavioral and neurotoxic effects of both compounds (from now on defined as AMPHs) stem from a fair molecular and anatomical specificity for catecholamine-containing neurons, which are placed in the brainstem reticular formation (RF). 1Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, ItalyĪmphetamine (AMPH) and methamphetamine (METH) are widely abused psychostimulants, which produce a variety of psychomotor, autonomic and neurotoxic effects.(The length of time depends on the test used, the amount you take, if you have other medical conditions and your own metabolism.Michela Ferrucci 1, Fiona Limanaqi 1, Larisa Ryskalin 1, Francesca Biagioni 2, Carla L. Meth will show up in a urine test for 2-3 days. Withdrawals include depression, anxiety and craving for the drug. You can build tolerance so you need to take more to get the same buzz. You can become psychologically and physically addicted, so your body craves it and you feel you can’t cope without it. Increased sex drive can lead to unsafe sex, with the risk of unplanned pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIVĭamage to nerve tissue (neurotoxicity) leading to concentration and memory problemsĭo not use if you are pregnant as we don’t know enough about the risks to your baby. You risk HIV and hepatitis if you share needles Overdose can cause lung, kidney and stomach disorders, stroke, coma and death You may have nausea, panic attacks, compulsive repetitive behaviour and jaw clenchingĬan cause paranoia, hallucinations and psychosis – when you lose contact with reality Short-term effectsĮffects can last from 4 to 12 hours, depending on how you take itĮven small amounts make you feel euphoric, aroused, awake, more active You can smoke, inject, snort or swallow it. It is white, odourless and bitter tasting and comes as rocks, crystals or tablets, which you can dissolve in water or alcohol. Methamphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant (‘upper’), similar to speed. National Drug Rehabilitation Framework (NDRF)Īlso called: crystal meth, ice, glass, tina, christal, cristy, yaba, chalk, crank, zip, meth.National Standards for Safer Better Healthcare. ![]() FAQ for Community Detoxification Guidelines.Dual diagnosis: Minding your mental health and staying safe during COVID-19.Dual diagnosis: Why people are at risk during COVID-19.Overdose awareness during the COVID-19 pandemic.Harm reduction advice for people who use drugs during COVID-19 pandemic.Why people who use drugs are at risk during COVID-19.What you can expect when you look for help.Children affected by a parent's drinking.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |